LS(1) LS(1) NNAAMMEE ls, dir, vdir - list contents of directories SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS llss [-abcdfgiklmnpqrstuxABCFGLNQRSUX1] [-w cols] [-T cols] [-I pattern] [--all] [--escape] [--directory] [--inode] [--kilobytes] [--numeric-uid-gid] [--no-group] [--hide- control-chars] [--reverse] [--size] [--width=cols] [--tab- size=cols] [--almost-all] [--ignore-backups] [--classify] [--file-type] [--full-time] [--ignore=pattern] [--derefer- ence] [--literal] [--quote-name] [--recursive] [--sort={none,time,size,extension}] [--format={long,ver- bose,commas,across,vertical,single-column}] [--time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}] [--help] [--ver- sion] [--color[={yes,no,tty}]] [--colour[={yes,no,tty}]] [name...] DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN This documentation is no longer being maintained and may be inaccurate or incomplete. The Texinfo documentation is now the authoritative source. This manual page documents the GNU version of llss. ddiirr and vvddiirr are versions of llss with different default output for- mats. These programs list each given file or directory name. Directory contents are sorted alphabetically. For llss, files are by default listed in columns, sorted verti- cally, if the standard output is a terminal; otherwise they are listed one per line. For ddiirr, files are by default listed in columns, sorted vertically. For vvddiirr, files are by default listed in long format. OOPPTTIIOONNSS _-_a_, _-_-_a_l_l List all files in directories, including all files that start with `.'. _-_b_, _-_-_e_s_c_a_p_e Quote nongraphic characters in file names using alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those used in C. _-_c_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_c_t_i_m_e_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_s_t_a_t_u_s Sort directory contents according to the files' status change time instead of the modification time. If the long listing format is being used, print the status change time instead of the modifi- cation time. _-_d_, _-_-_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y List directories like other files, rather than listing their contents. _-_f Do not sort directory contents; list them in FSF GNU File Utilities 1 LS(1) LS(1) whatever order they are stored on the disk. The same as enabling _-_a and _-_U and disabling _-_l_, _-_s_, and _-_t_. _-_-_f_u_l_l_-_t_i_m_e List times in full, rather than using the standard abbreviation heuristics. _-_g Ignored; for Unix compatibility. _-_i_, _-_-_i_n_o_d_e Print the index number of each file to the left of the file name. _-_k_, _-_-_k_i_l_o_b_y_t_e_s If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilo- bytes. This overrides the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT. _-_l_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_l_o_n_g_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_v_e_r_b_o_s_e In addition to the name of each file, print the file type, permissions, number of hard links, owner name, group name, size in bytes, and timestamp (the modification time unless other times are selected). For files with a time that is more than 6 months old or more than 1 hour into the future, the times- tamp contains the year instead of the time of day. _-_m_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_c_o_m_m_a_s List files horizontally, with as many as will fit on each line, separated by commas. _-_n_, _-_-_n_u_m_e_r_i_c_-_u_i_d_-_g_i_d List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names. _-_p Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. _-_q_, _-_-_h_i_d_e_-_c_o_n_t_r_o_l_-_c_h_a_r_s Print question marks instead of nongraphic charac- ters in file names. _-_r_, _-_-_r_e_v_e_r_s_e Sort directory contents in reverse order. _-_s_, _-_-_s_i_z_e Print the size of each file in 1K blocks to the left of the file name. If the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, 512-byte blocks are used instead. _-_t_, _-_-_s_o_r_t_=_t_i_m_e Sort directory contents by timestamp instead of alphabetically, with the newest files listed first. FSF GNU File Utilities 2 LS(1) LS(1) _-_u_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_a_t_i_m_e_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_a_c_c_e_s_s_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_u_s_e Sort directory contents according to the files' last access time instead of the modification time. If the long listing format is being used, print the last access time instead of the modification time. _-_x_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_a_c_r_o_s_s_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_h_o_r_i_z_o_n_t_a_l List the files in columns, sorted horizontally. _-_A_, _-_-_a_l_m_o_s_t_-_a_l_l List all files in directories, except for `.' and `..'. _-_B_, _-_-_i_g_n_o_r_e_-_b_a_c_k_u_p_s Do not list files that end with `~', unless they are given on the command line. _-_C_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_v_e_r_t_i_c_a_l List files in columns, sorted vertically. _-_F_, _-_-_c_l_a_s_s_i_f_y Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. For regular files that are executable, append a `*'. The file type indicators are `/' for directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs, `=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files. _-_G_, _-_-_n_o_-_g_r_o_u_p Inhibit display of group information in a long for- mat directory listing. _-_L_, _-_-_d_e_r_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e List the files linked to by symbolic links instead of listing the contents of the links. _-_N_, _-_-_l_i_t_e_r_a_l Do not quote file names. _-_Q_, _-_-_q_u_o_t_e_-_n_a_m_e Enclose file names in double quotes and quote non- graphic characters as in C. _-_R_, _-_-_r_e_c_u_r_s_i_v_e List the contents of all directories recursively. _-_S_, _-_-_s_o_r_t_=_s_i_z_e Sort directory contents by file size instead of alphabetically, with the largest files listed first. _-_U_, _-_-_s_o_r_t_=_n_o_n_e Do not sort directory contents; list them in what- ever order they are stored on the disk. This option is not called _-_f because the Unix llss _-_f FSF GNU File Utilities 3 LS(1) LS(1) option also enables _-_a and disables _-_l, _-_s, and _-_t. It seems useless and ugly to group those unrelated things together in one option. Since this option doesn't do that, it has a different name. _-_X_, _-_-_s_o_r_t_=_e_x_t_e_n_s_i_o_n Sort directory contents alphabetically by file extension (characters after the last `.'); files with no extension are sorted first. _-_1_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_s_i_n_g_l_e_-_c_o_l_u_m_n List one file per line. _-_w_, _-_-_w_i_d_t_h _c_o_l_s Assume the screen is _c_o_l_s columns wide. The default is taken from the terminal driver if possi- ble; otherwise the environment variable CCOOLLUUMMNNSS is used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80. _-_T_, _-_-_t_a_b_s_i_z_e _c_o_l_s Assume that each tabstop is _c_o_l_s columns wide. The default is 8. _-_I_, _-_-_i_g_n_o_r_e _p_a_t_t_e_r_n Do not list files whose names match the shell pat- tern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n unless they are given on the command line. As in the shell, an initial `.' in a file- name does not match a wildcard at the start of _p_a_t_- _t_e_r_n_. _-_-_c_o_l_o_r_, _-_-_c_o_l_o_u_r_, _-_-_c_o_l_o_r_=_y_e_s_, _-_-_c_o_l_o_u_r_=_y_e_s Colorize the names of files depending on the type of file. See DDIISSPPLLAAYY CCOOLLOORRIIZZAATTIIOONN below. _-_-_c_o_l_o_r_=_t_t_y_, _-_-_c_o_l_o_u_r_=_t_t_y Same as _-_-_c_o_l_o_r but only if standard output is a terminal. This is very useful for shell scripts and command aliases, especially if your favorite pager does not support color control codes. _-_-_c_o_l_o_r_=_n_o_, _-_-_c_o_l_o_u_r_=_n_o Disables colorization. This is the default. Pro- vided to override a previous color option. _-_-_h_e_l_p Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. _-_-_v_e_r_s_i_o_n Print version information on standard output then exit successfully. DDIISSPPLLAAYY CCOOLLOORRIIZZAATTIIOONN When using the _-_-_c_o_l_o_r option, this version of llss will colorize the file names printed according to the name and FSF GNU File Utilities 4 LS(1) LS(1) type of file. By default, this colorization is by type only, and the codes used are ISO 6429 (ANSI) compliant. You can override the default colors by defining the envi- ronment variable LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS (or LLSS__CCOOLLOOUURRSS). The format of this variable is reminicent of the termcap(5) file format; a colon-separated list of expressions of the form "xx=string", where "xx" is a two-character variable name. The variables with their associated defaults are: nnoo 0 Normal (non-filename) text ffii 0 Regular file ddii 32 Directory llnn 36 Symbolic link ppii 31 Named pipe (FIFO) ssoo 33 Socket bbdd 44;37 Block device ccdd 44;37 Character device eexx 35 Executable file mmii (none) Missing file (defaults to fi) oorr (none) Orphanned symbolic link (defaults to ln) llcc \e[ Left code rrcc m Right code eecc (none) End code (replaces lc+no+rc) You only need to include the variables you want to change from the default. File names can also be colorized based on filename exten- sion. This is specified in the LS_COLORS variable using the syntax "*ext=string". For example, using ISO 6429 codes, to color all C-language source files blue you would specify "*.c=34". This would color all files ending in .c in blue (34) color. Control characters can be written either in C-style \-escaped notation, or in ssttttyy-like ^-notation. The C- style notation adds \e for Escape, \_ for a normal space characer, and \? for Delete. In addition, the \ escape character can be used to override the default interpreta- tion of \, ^, : and =. Each file will be written as . If the code is undefined, the sequence will be used instead. This is generally more convenient to use, but less general. The left, right and end codes are provided so you don't have to type com- mon parts over and over again and to support weird termi- nals; you will generally not need to change them at all unless your terminal does not use ISO 6429 color sequences but a different system. If your terminal does use ISO 6429 color codes, you can compose the type codes (i.e. all except the llcc, rrcc, and eecc FSF GNU File Utilities 5 LS(1) LS(1) codes) from numerical commands separated by semicolons. The most common commands are: 0 to restore default color 1 for brighter colors 4 for underlined text 5 for flashing text 30 for black foreground 31 for red foreground 32 for green foreground 33 for yellow (or brown) foreground 34 for blue foreground 35 for purple foreground 36 for cyan foreground 37 for white (or gray) foreground 40 for black background 41 for red background 42 for green background 43 for yellow (or brown) background 44 for blue background 45 for purple background 46 for cyan background 47 for white (or gray) background Not all commands will work on all systems or display devices. A few terminal programs do not recognize the default end code properly. If all text gets colorized after you do a directory listing, try changing the nnoo and ffii codes from 0 to the numerical codes for your standard fore- and back- ground colors. BBUUGGSS On BSD systems, the _-_s option reports sizes that are half the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP- UX systems. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX llss program. If there was a single standard for the English language it would not be necessary to support redundant spellings. FSF GNU File Utilities 6